观察者模式

观察者模式允许你定义一种订阅机制,可在对象事件发生时通知多个 “观察” 该对象的其他对象。拥有一些值得关注的状态的对象通常被称为目标,由于它要将自身的状态改变通知给其他对象,我们也将其称为发布者(publisher),所有希望关注发布者状态变化的其他对象被称为订阅者(subscribers)。

观察者模式建议你为发布者类添加订阅机制,让每个对象都能订阅或取消订阅发布者事件流。这并不像听上去那么复杂,实际上,该机制包括:

  1. 一个用于存储订阅者对象引用的列表成员变量
  2. 几个用于添加或删除该列表中订阅者的公有方法
  3. 无论何时发生了重要的事件,发布者都要遍历订阅者并调用其对象的特定通知方法

实际应用中可能会有十几个不同的订阅者类跟踪着同一个发布者类的事件,你不会希望发布者与所有这些类相耦合的。此外如果他人会使用发布者类,那么你甚至可能会对其中的一些类一无所知。因此,所有订阅者都必须实现同样的接口,发布者仅通过该接口与订阅者交互。接口中必须声明通知方法及其参数,这样发布者在发出通知时还能传递一些上下文数据。

一个典型的例子就是 Spring 框架中的事件监听机制,当使用 ApplicationEventPublisher 发送事件时,Spring 会遍历所有已注册的监听器,并调用监听器的 onApplicationEvent 方法。

  • AbstractApplicationContext.java
/**
 * AppplicationContext 接口继承了 ApplicationEventPublisher 接口,因此可以发送事件
 */
public abstract class AbstractApplicationContext extends DefaultResourceLoader implements ConfigurableApplicationContext {

    @Override
	public void publishEvent(Object event) {
		publishEvent(event, null);
	}

	/**
	 * Publish the given event to all listeners.
	 * @param event the event to publish (may be an {@link ApplicationEvent}
	 * or a payload object to be turned into a {@link PayloadApplicationEvent})
	 * @param eventType the resolved event type, if known
	 * @since 4.2
	 */
	protected void publishEvent(Object event, @Nullable ResolvableType eventType) {
		Assert.notNull(event, "Event must not be null");

		// Decorate event as an ApplicationEvent if necessary
		ApplicationEvent applicationEvent;
		if (event instanceof ApplicationEvent) {
			applicationEvent = (ApplicationEvent) event;
		}
		else {
			applicationEvent = new PayloadApplicationEvent<>(this, event);
			if (eventType == null) {
				eventType = ((PayloadApplicationEvent<?>) applicationEvent).getResolvableType();
			}
		}

		// Multicast right now if possible - or lazily once the multicaster is initialized
		if (this.earlyApplicationEvents != null) {
			this.earlyApplicationEvents.add(applicationEvent);
		}
		else {
            // 默认情况会走这里进行广播
			getApplicationEventMulticaster().multicastEvent(applicationEvent, eventType);
		}

		// Publish event via parent context as well...
		if (this.parent != null) {
			if (this.parent instanceof AbstractApplicationContext) {
				((AbstractApplicationContext) this.parent).publishEvent(event, eventType);
			}
			else {
				this.parent.publishEvent(event);
			}
		}
	}
}
  • SimpleApplicationEventMulticaster.java
public class SimpleApplicationEventMulticaster extends AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster {

    /**
     * 广播事件
     */
    @Override
	public void multicastEvent(final ApplicationEvent event, @Nullable ResolvableType eventType) {
		ResolvableType type = (eventType != null ? eventType : resolveDefaultEventType(event));
		Executor executor = getTaskExecutor();
        // 遍历所有事件监听器,并调用其 onApplicationEvent 方法
		for (ApplicationListener<?> listener : getApplicationListeners(event, type)) {
			if (executor != null) {
				executor.execute(() -> invokeListener(listener, event));
			}
			else {
				invokeListener(listener, event);
			}
		}
	}

    /**
     * 获取 IOC 容器中所有的 ApplicationListener
     */
    protected Collection<ApplicationListener<?>> getApplicationListeners(ApplicationEvent event, ResolvableType eventType) {

		Object source = event.getSource();
		Class<?> sourceType = (source != null ? source.getClass() : null);
		ListenerCacheKey cacheKey = new ListenerCacheKey(eventType, sourceType);

		// Quick check for existing entry on ConcurrentHashMap...
		ListenerRetriever retriever = this.retrieverCache.get(cacheKey);
		if (retriever != null) {
			return retriever.getApplicationListeners();
		}

		if (this.beanClassLoader == null ||
				(ClassUtils.isCacheSafe(event.getClass(), this.beanClassLoader) &&
						(sourceType == null || ClassUtils.isCacheSafe(sourceType, this.beanClassLoader)))) {
			// Fully synchronized building and caching of a ListenerRetriever
			synchronized (this.retrievalMutex) {
				retriever = this.retrieverCache.get(cacheKey);
				if (retriever != null) {
					return retriever.getApplicationListeners();
				}
				retriever = new ListenerRetriever(true);
				Collection<ApplicationListener<?>> listeners =
						retrieveApplicationListeners(eventType, sourceType, retriever);
				this.retrieverCache.put(cacheKey, retriever);
				return listeners;
			}
		}
		else {
			// No ListenerRetriever caching -> no synchronization necessary
			return retrieveApplicationListeners(eventType, sourceType, null);
		}
	}
}